Direct and iterative method

Direct and iterative method INTRODUCTION TO DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHOD Many important practical problems give rise to systems of linear equations written as the matrix equation Ax = c, where A is a given n Ãâ€" nnonsingular matrix and c is an n-dimensional vector; the problem is to find an n-dimensional vector x satisfying equation . Such systems of linear equations arise mainly from discrete approximations of partial differential equations. To solve them, two types of methods are normally used: direct methods and iterative methods. Directapproximate the solution after a finite number of floating point operations. Since computer floating point operations can only be obtained to a given precision, the computed solution is usually different from the exact solution. When a square matrix A is large and sparse, solving Ax = c by direct methods can be impractical, and iterative methods become a viable alternative. Iterative methods, based on splitting A into A = M−N, compute successive approximations x(t) to obtain more accurate solutions to a linear system at each iteration step t. This process can be written in the form of the matrix equation x(t) = Gx(t−1) + g, where an n Ãâ€" n matrix G = M−1N is the iteration matrix. The iteration process is stopped when some predefined criterion is satisfied; the obtained vector x(t) is an approximation to the solution. Iterative methods of this form are called linear stationary iterative methods of the first degree. The method is of the first degree because x(t) depends explicitly only on x(t−1) and not on x(t−2), . . . , x(0). The method is linear because neither G nor g depends on x(t−1), and it is stationary because neither G nor g depends on t. In this book, we also consider linear stationary iterative methods of the second degree, represented by the matrix equation x(t) = Mx(t−1) − Nx(t−2) + h. HISTORY OF DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHOD Ø Direct methods to solve linear systems Direct methods for solving the linear systems with the Gauss elimination method is given byCarl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Thereafter the Choleski gives method for symmetric positive definite matrices. Ø Iterative methods for non-linear equations The Newton_Raphson method is an iterative method to solve nonlinear equations. The method is defined byIsaac Newton (1643-1727)andJoseph Raphson (1648-1715). Ø Iterative methods for linear equations The standard iterative methods, which are used are the Gauss-Jacobi and the Gauss-Seidel method.Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)is a very famous mathematician working on abstract and applied mathematics.Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804-1851)is well known for instance for the Jacobian the determinant of the matrix of partial derivatives. He has also done work on iterative methods leading to the Gauss-Jacobi method. Another iterative method is the Chebyshev method. This method is based on orthogonal polynomials bearing the name ofPafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894). The Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel method use a very simple polynomial to approximate the solution. In the Chebyshev method an optimal polynomial is used. DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHOD Direct methods compute the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps. These methods would give the precise answer if they were performed ininfinite precision arithmetic. Examples includeGaussian elimination, theQRfactorization method for solvingsystems of linear equations, and thesimplex methodoflinear programming. In contrast to direct methods,iterative methodsare not expected to terminate in a number of steps. Starting from an initial guess, iterative methods form successive approximations thatconvergeto the exact solution only in the limit. Aconvergence criterionis specified in order to decide when a sufficiently accurate solution has (hopefully) been found. Even using infinite precision arithmetic these methods would not reach the solution within a finite number of steps (in general). Examples includeNewtons method, thebisection method, andJacobi iteration. In computational matrix algebra, iterative methods are generally needed for large problems. Iterative methods are more common than direct methods in numerical analysis. Some methods are direct in principle but are usually used as though they were not, e.g.GMRESand theconjugate gradient method. For these methods the number of steps needed to obtain the exact solution is so large that an approximation is accepted in the same manner as for an iterative method. In the case of asystem of linear equations, the two main classes of iterative methods are thestationary iterative methods, and the more generalKrylov subspacemethods. Ø Stationary iterative methods Stationary iterative methods solve a linear system with anoperatorapproximating the original one; and based on a measurement of the error (the residual), form acorrection equationfor which this process is repeated. While these methods are simple to derive, implement, and analyse, convergence is only guaranteed for a limited class of matrices. Examples of stationary iterative methods are theJacobi method,Gauss–Seidel methodand theSuccessive over-relaxation method. Ø Krylov subspace methods Krylov subspacemethods form anorthogonal basisof the sequence of successive matrix powers times the initial residual (theKrylov sequence). The approximations to the solution are then formed by minimizing the residual over the subspace formed. The prototypical method is theconjugate gradient method(CG). Other methods are the generalized minimal residual method and the biconjugate gradient method EXAMPLE OF DIRECT METHOD GAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD :- Inlinear algebra,Gaussian eliminationmethod is analgorithmfor solvingsystems of linear equations, finding therankof amatrix, and calculating the inverse of aninvertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after German mathematician and scientistCarl Friedrich Gauss. Elementary row operationsare used to reduce a matrix torow echelon form.Gauss–Jordan elimination, an extension of this algorithm, reduces the matrix further toreduced row echelon form. Gaussian elimination alone is sufficient for many applications. EXAMPLE Suppose that our goal is to find and describe the solution(s), if any, of the followingsystem of linear equations: The algorithm is as follows :eliminate x from all equations below L1 and then eliminate y from all equations below L2 .This will form a triangular form.Using the back substitution Each unknown can be solved . In the example, x is eliminated from l2 by adding 3/2L1to L2. X is then eliminatedmfrom L3 by adding L1 to L3 The result is: Nowyis eliminated fromL3by adding− 4L2toL3: The result is: This result is a system of linear equations in triangular form, and so the first part of the algorithm is complete.The second part, back-substitution, consists of solving for the unknowns in reverse order. It can be seen that Then,zcan be substituted intoL2, which can then be solved to obtain Next,zandycan be substituted intoL1, which can be solved to obtain The system is solved. Some systems cannot be reduced to triangular form, yet still have at least one valid solution: for example, ifyhad not occurred inL2andL3after the first step above, the algorithm would be unable to reduce the system to triangular form. However, it would still have reduced the system toechelon form. In this case, the system does not have a unique solution, as it contains at least onefree variable. The solution set can then be expressed parametrically . In practice, one does not usually deal with the systems in terms of equations but instead makes use of theaugmented matrix(which is also suitable for computer manipulations). The Gaussian Elimination algorithm applied to theaugmented matrixof the system above, beginning with:which, at the end of the first part of the algorithm That is, it is inrow echelon form. At the end of the algorithm, if theGauss–Jordan eliminationis applied: That is, it is inreduced row echelon form, or row canonical form. EXAMPLE OF ITERATIVE METHOD OF SOLUTION A. JACOB METHOD :- The Jacobi method is a method of solving amatrix equationon a matrix that has no zeros along its main diagonal (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 1997, p.892). Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value taken in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of theJacobi transformationmethod ofmatrix diagonalization. The Jacobi method is easily derived by examining each of the equations in thelinear system of equationsAx=b in isolation. If, in theith equation solve for the value ofwhile assuming the other entries ofremain fixed. This gives which is the Jacobi method. In this method, the order in which the equations are examined is irrelevant, since the Jacobi method treats them independently. The definition of the Jacobi method can be expressed withmatricesas B. Stationary Iterative Methods Iterative methods that can be expressed in the simple form Where neighter B nor c depend upon the iterative count k) are called stationary iterative method. The four main stationary iterative method : the Jacobi method, the Gauss Seidel method ,Successive Overrelaxation method and the symmetric Successive Overrelaxation method C. The Gauss-Seidel Method We are considering an iterative solution to the linear system where is ansparse matrix,xandbare vectors of lengthn, and we are solving forx. Iterative solvers are an alternative to direct methods that attempt to calculate an exact solution to the system of equations. Iterative methods attempt to find a solution to the system of linear equations by repeatedly solving the linear system using approximations to the vector. Iterations continue until the solution is within a predetermined acceptable bound on the error. Iterative methods for general matrices include the Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel, while conjugate gradient methods exist for positive definite matrices. Use of iterative methods is the convergence of the technique. Gauss-Jacobi uses all values from the previous iteration, while Gauss-Seidel requires that the most recent values be used in calculations. The Gauss-Seidel method has better convergence than the Gauss-Jacobi method, although for dense matrices, the Gauss-Seidel method is sequential. The convergence of the iterative method must be examined for the application along with algorithm performance to ensure that a useful solution to can be found. The Gauss-Seidel method can be written as: where: ¯ is theunknown in during theiteration,and, is the initial guess for theunknown in, is the coefficient ofin therow andcolumn, is thevalue in. or where: ¯ K(k)is theiterative solution to is the initial guess atx Dis the diagonal ofA Lis the of strictly lower triangular portion ofA Uis the of strictly upper triangular portion ofA bis right-hand-side vector. EXAMPLE. 101−x2+ 23= 6, −x1+ 112−x3+ 34= 25, 21−x2+ 103−x4= − 11, 32−x3+ 84= 15. Solving forx1,x2,x3andx4gives: x1=x2/ 10 −x3/ 5 + 3 / 5, x2=x1/ 11 +x3/ 11 − 34/ 11 + 25 / 11, x3= −x1/ 5 +x2/ 10 +x4/ 10 − 11 / 10, x4= − 32/ 8 +x3/ 8 + 15 / 8 Suppose we choose(0,0,0,0)as the initial approximation, then the first approximate solution is given by x1= 3 / 5 = 0.6, x2= (3 / 5) / 11 + 25 / 11 = 3 / 55 + 25 / 11 = 2.3272, x3= − (3 / 5) / 5 + (2.3272) / 10 − 11 / 10 = − 3 / 25 + 0.23272 − 1.1 = − 0.9873, x4= − 3(2.3272) / 8 + ( − 0.9873) / 8 + 15 / 8 = 0.8789. x1 x2 x3 x4 0.6 2.32727 − 0.987273 0.878864 1.03018 2.03694 − 1.01446 0.984341 1.00659 2.00356 − 1.00253 0.998351 1.00086 2.0003 − 1.00031 0.99985 The exact solution of the system is (1,2,-1,1) APPLICATION OF DIRECT AND ITERATIVE METHOD OF SOLUTION FRACTIONAL SPLITING METHOD OF FIRST ORDER FOR LINEAR EQUATION First we describe the simplest operator-splitting, which is calledsequential operator-splitting, for the following linear system of ordinary differential equations:(3.1)where the initial condition is. The operators and are linear and bounded operators in a Banach space The sequential operator-splitting method is introduced as a method that solves two subproblems sequentially, where the different subproblems are connected via the initial conditions. This means that we replace the original problem with the subproblemswhere the splitting time-step is defined as. The approximated solution is. The replacement of the original problem with the subproblems usually results in an error, calledsplitting error. The splitting error of the sequential operator-splitting method can be derived as whereis the commutator ofAandB The splitting error iswhen the operatorsA andB do not commute, otherwise the method is exact. Hence the sequential operator-splitting is called thefirst-order splitting method. THE ITERATIVE SPLITING The following algorithm is based on the iteration with fixed splitting discretization step-size. On the time intervalwe solve the following subproblems consecutively for:(4.1)where is the known split approximation at the time level. We can generalize the iterative splitting method to a multi-iterative splitting method by introducing new splitting operators, for example, spatial operators. Then we obtain multi-indices to control the splitting process; each iterative splitting method can be solved independently, while connecting with further steps to the multi-splitting method

The Ethical Issues behind Cosmetic Surgery

The article I chose is entitled â€Å"Ethnic Differences Emerge in Plastic Surgery† and was written by Sam Dolnick for the New York Times on February 19, 2011. It explains that cosmetic plastic surgery is no longer an opportunity limited to wealthy suburbanites. In New York City, there has been a surge of immigrants having plastic surgeries that are correlated with their ethnic beauty standards.Furthermore, doctors practicing in various ethnic enclaves throughout the city have seen; Italians having their knees reshaped, Egyptians getting face-lifts, Iranians getting nose jobs, Dominican women getting their buttocks’ lifted, Asians having â€Å"double eye-lid surgery† or receiving a crease in their eyelids to make their eyes appear rounder, and Russians getting breast implants.The article goes on to contrast the cultural beauty standards or tastes between one group of wealthy Long Island suburbanites with Washington Heights’ ancestrally Dominican citizens, where, in Long Island suburbs they want fat removed from their behinds, and in Washington Heights they want their rear ends enlarged and rounded. There are three ethical issues present in this article, the first being the usage of surgery to improve patients’ psychological self-esteem issues versus the usage of surgery for traditional health reasons.The second issue is the fact that doctors are willing to offer layaway plans to help patients afford operations, but even more precarious, unlicensed practitioners are performing illegal surgery throughout most ethnic enclaves. The third is the belief that American pop culture and media have a role in affecting people’s personal awareness and ideals of beauty, and this is making them much more willing to have unnecessary cosmetic plastic surgery performed. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarian doctrine is the first ethical theory I chose to apply to these ethical problems.Mill argued that morality is based on the consequenc es you take, and that consequences must be a means to increase utility or pleasure (Utilitarianism: Of What Sort of Proof the, para 3,9). To the first ethical issue, Mill would most likely say that people who undergo cosmetic plastic surgery are moral because they are acting accordance with increasing happiness. However, they are acting upon a lower pleasure, which is vanity, and although this may bring some joy, it is something that can become an endless pursuit.Towards the second issue, Mill would most likely say that the legality of the operations, and how the surgery is paid for, is superfluous to morality. If there is a tendency for patients to come out feeling and looking better, than the surgeon has done his or her job and there is nothing immoral going on. However, if there is a tendency for people to leave these places, where layaway is acceptable and the surgeons do not have licenses to practice, in pain and vexation, there is something immoral about this particular situat ion.One could further argue, that performing surgery illegally and allowing layaway for surgery is based in greed. To this I believe Mill would still say that it is the patients responses that matter, for they are the ones who choose to have the surgery illegally, and if they have gained more pleasure through the experience, the actions taken by the illegal surgeons or greedy doctors was moral (Utilitarianism: Of What Sort of Proof, para 6).To the last part, is media and pop culture responsible for unnecessary surgery, and people unhealthy personal beauty obsessions, he would say, generally no. Although he might say that certain parts of media are potent at changing the way people view their bodies and other people’s bodies, and may make people obsessively drawn into the lower pleasures of cosmetic bodily improvement. Immanuel Kant’s Deontological ethics is the second theory I chose to administer to the article. Kant argues that for an action to have genuine moral wort h, it must be done out of duty, or from pure intentions.People or semi-rational beings must not allow subjective experiences and past events, or particular circumstances, determine what actions are morally right, but must act to achieve the categorical imperative, thus making every intention and every action together an end in itself (Groundwork: Moving from popular, para 2-4, 6-7). To the first, again being the usage of surgery for traditional reasons, versus the usage of surgery for patients who have psychological self-esteem issues; they believe that having cosmetic surgery will result in looking better and therefore bring happiness.Kant would strongly see this as immoral, as it is first off not being used to preserve one’s life, and it is seeking out happiness through picking means which Kant believes will only lead to pain (Groundwork: Moving from popular moral, para 15-16). Also cosmetic plastic surgery is not universafiable because it means that our self-love is based off of subjective contingent circumstances, and not based off of self-love because we are semi-rational beings.To the second ethical theory being layaway plans and illegal surgery, Kant would probably see the layaway plans as bad in that if everyone had layaway, there would not be any true ownership, and everyone would be in debt to someone else. Illegal surgery is also not universifiable in that, if it were universifiable, there would be no legality, and the state laws for surgical practices would not exist. As to whether Kant would see people receiving cosmetic plastic surgery as victims of our hyper-idealized beauty popular culture and media, he would probably say yes, there is a problem.Pop culture, the media, and social networks certainly do have an insidiously furtive part in how we behave, and what we believe is beautiful. To go out of your way to make yourself more beautiful because someone or something tells you to do so, especially if it is instilled upon you in a covert w ay, is not acting in accordance with freedom. It is dually leading you to use surgery as a mere means to happiness, and using you as a mere means to waste your money on advertised beauty/ diet products, more surgery, and more repetitive mindless television shows.In terms of which ethical theory best resolves the ethical issues spurred by this article, I would have to say Kant’s theory of good intentions is most critical and affirmative. All of these ethical issues I have raised have questionable intentions behind them. If I were to go with Mill, I certainly would be a lot more lenient with these issues. That is not necessarily a bad thing, since these peoples actions are not necessarily questionable. Their actions are somewhat good, because whether you are the patient, the doctor, or the pop culture media (entertainment) you are aiming at or supposedly affecting happiness (in a Mill sense).But their intentions are somewhat convoluted, and in my opinion, impure. I believe most of the doctors have greed as their intention, especially those who are willing to perform surgery illegally. Sure, the illegal surgeons may be acting in a proper way, that is, they may perform the surgery properly. But behind it all is an intention of surreptitiously avoiding the rules of the state to save money, meanwhile being completely liable to malpractice and putting in jeopardy their lives and the lives of their patients.The patients may know that these doctors are quacks, but if they don’t, then in fact they are being lied to and are being placed under the knives of surgeons who are dishonest and hence treating the patients as a mere means. Furthermore, I believe anyone who is getting cosmetic plastic surgery based off of established beauty standards, unless in some horrific accident or bearing some horrific deformity is impure in their reasoning.They are giving into standards that are not their own, but have been environmentally, and artificially created, beefed up and branded. Thus, in a Kantian sense, people are acting not under a categorical imperative, but under empirical knowledge that has been conjured through culturally relative or subjective circumstances. In sum, Kant would say be happy with what you look like, and don’t attempt to change it based off of your cultural preferences or media created beauty bombardments, because you are not acting freely and with duty.

7 Things Confident Entrepreneurs Never Do - 1190 Words

Sujan Patel, a self-proclaimed entrepreneur and marketer and VP of Marketing at When I Work, wrote an article for Entrepreneur.com titled â€Å"7 Things Confident Entrepreneurs Never Do.† While this article is not an exhaustive list of mistakes entrepreneurs can make, it gets the main point across—entrepreneurs need to be confident because self-confidence is key in the decision-making process (Schermerhorn). Patel says they need to be tenacious and determined and have faith in order to be successful, but he points out seven things to avoid at all costs. The first thing he says entrepreneurs should avoid is â€Å"second guessing themselves and their employees.† As a manager in any situation it is extremely important to trust yourself and your team.†¦show more content†¦It is important to dedicate time to the business and its employees, but everyone has important priorities like friends, family, and things done for enjoyment, like exercise or reading. Hobbies often make people happier than money because they help reduce stress and improve confidence Entrepreneurs must make time in their busy schedule to address these priorities—when quality of life outside of work decreases, the quality of the business may decrease, as well. The third thing Patel says entrepreneurs should avoid is â€Å"refusing to learn new skills.† In an ever-changing business market, companies and the people that run them need to learn how to adapt. In today’s society, technology is rapidly advancing and companies are changing in parallel. An entrepreneur should be open to learning something new because it will diversify their background and open up their mind to new ideas. It can also provide several opportunities that would not have presented themselves if they did not learn new skills. For example, a confident entrepreneur can take on the challenge of learning graphic design or coding if they do not have the resources to hire a programmer. Patel mentions several websites that offer to teach entrepreneurs a variety of skills at a low price point. Taking advantage of these resources can allow an entrepreneur to become more confident in running their business. The fourth thing he

Noras Discovery of Self in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Noras Discovery of Self in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Ibsens play, A Doll House, involves a woman who begins the play as a common housewife and through a series of joyous occurrences and catastrophes becomes a self-liberating woman. Nora Helmer is transformed and decides to abandon her family and home in search of her true self. She arrives at this point because of several factors. Her refusal to submit to her husband and her self-realization is brought on by the way she has been taught to act by her husband and her father, and the contradicting demands the situations that she has had to deal with gave her. Her true devotion to herself is discovered because of the false devotion she felt towards her husband and her†¦show more content†¦The culmination of this theme occurs when Torvald finally finds out about the borrowed money, and when it threatens his career. Torvald immediately renounces his love for her, despite the fact that the money was borrowed for him, because of her devotion to him. Upon finding out that the mone y is no longer an issue, Torvald reneges on his decisions, and is ready to accept Nora back into his home. But Nora will have none of it. She realizes that what is best for herself in not there, in that mans presence. She refuses to again submit to his decisions, and admits to Torvald that there marriage as it has been is over. (Ibsen 967-1023) So Noras inability to play the character that Torvald has written for her in the situations she must endure is what sets her upon the path of refusal to obey her husbands wishes. Torvalds dissatisfaction with Noras portrayal of her designated role causes him to renounce his love for her, which in turn allows her to disregard all further stipulations from him. In effect, it is not Noras decision to ignore Torvald, but really it is Torvalds own fault. His unreasonable expectation of her to bend any way he pleases causes her to begin to find a new path for herself. Besides a refusal to submit, Nora also experiences a self-realization, an awakening to her real place in humanity, and the idea that she too, is a rational, capable person who is deserving of the respect that entitles. This is what Ibsen really wrote theShow MoreRelated Essay on Lies and Self-realization in A Dolls House1162 Words   |  5 PagesLies and Self-realization in A Dolls House    In Ibsens play,   A Dolls House,   the characters willingly exist in a situation of untruth or inadequate truth that conceals conflict.   Noras independent nature is in contradiction to the tyrannical authority of Torvald.   This conflict is concealed by the way they both hide their true selves from society, each other, and ultimately themselves.   Just like Nora and Torvald, every character in this play is trapped in a situation of untruth. 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The Civil War The War Of All Time - 1988 Words

Yesika Suazo The Civil War Tensions grew between the North and the South causing what is known as the worse war tragedies of all time. The American Civil War was the bloodiest war in our history of the United States killing over 620,000 American soldieries. Many African Americans around 1861-1865 lost a family member or someone close to them. This war effected both sides of the nation, for both the North and the South. African Americans also were killed in this war being that they fought in it too. Slaves, southern people and northern people were effected mentally and physically after this war. The southern economy became a one crop economy because as the cotton gin was invented factories depended on the cotton during slavery. On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture by ++purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. This disagreement between the North and the South made a major difference in the economy. For example, the North was affected after the war both positively and negatively by workers that were unemployed at least for a year, and their checks were low when they work hard and even overtime. This made many workers support and join labor unions. Also farmers faced hard times as production increased they also had to lower prices on products so that they would make their profit from their fam produce. As a result, people immigrated to the other places to find a better living then what they had. The South hadShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The American Civil War1521 Words   |  7 Pages101 19 April 2017 Civil War The American Civil War, that took place from 1861 to 1865, marked one of the most important changes in American history, it was fought between the Union and the Confederate States of America. A total of even southern states that left the Union to form their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery. 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It wasn’t a regular war, it was a civil war opposing the Union in the North and the Confederate States in the South.. The Civil War cost many people’s lives on the battlefield and beyond. In addition it cost an extreme amount of money for the nation which possibly could have been avoided if the war had turned to happen a little differently. To start with, The Civil War lastedRead MoreThe Career Of The Civil War1715 Words   |  7 PagesNursing would not be what it has become today without the Civil War. The Civil War was a turning point in the career of nursing. There were many factors that changed nursing. For instance primitive nursing during the civil war. Surgeries were performed on the battlefield without sanitation or medications. Nurses on the war field were not really nurses they began by trying to comfort and take care of soldiers as they would their own families. 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Since the Civil War, nursing has changedRead MoreWomen In The Civil War1674 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Who Fought In the Civil War Submitted By: Tierahnee Balfour History 2010 Enhanced Mrs. Teresa Prober 19 October 2012 It is an accepted convention that the Civil War was a man’s fight, but to the women in that time period, it was not. Many women sacrificed their lives to fight for their family and for their country. The Civil War is symbolic in American history because it shaped society, as we know it today, â€Å"Free of slavery†. During the Civil War, women were mostly confinedRead MoreThe Civil War1295 Words   |  6 Pagesobvious that there were many goals to achieve during the Civil War. But discovering the true meaning and vision of the Civil War is the concept that is still researched today by the people of America. 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Retail Marketing Revolution Free Essays

THE RETAIL MARKETING REVOLUTION By 2010, the list of India’s top 10 retailers will have at least 5 Indian corporate. Retail Marketing will go through a tremendous change in India this millennium. It will change India’s cities, its people, and its households. We will write a custom essay sample on Retail Marketing Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indian consumer is reportedly the largest spender in Singapore and London. It is, therefore, strange that there have, so far, been few efforts to present the product in the right kind of environment in India. Indeed, the right shopping experience does induce Indian consumers to spend more. This is evident from the experiences of retail-outlets like Shoppers’ Stop, Music World, Food World, Crosswords, The Home Store, Ebony, Bigjo’s, Saboos, Standard, Vijay Store and Janaki Das Sons, Westside etc. However, the development of organized retail is dependent on the efforts of several agencies and institutions. The first among these is the government. In a country as big as India and with as many states as ours, it is imperative that the Central government and all state governments bring in Value Added Taxation or a unified taxation system to ensure that the tax-regimes are the same across the country. The laws governing retail real estate should also be looked into, so that it is possible to develop retail-estate beyond the city-limits. Apart from providing entertainment and retail opportunities, this will also decongest the city center and facilitate the development of suburbs. The relevant rules should also be amended to allow retail-stores to operate 7 days a week, 12 hours a day. Given the hours most urban consumers keep at work, and keeping in mind the increase in the number of nuclear families, this may, indeed, make sense. This will also help people enjoy their evenings, out at malls. The second group, whose participation is essential in making retail a boom-sector in this millennium, comprises developers. Most properties are developed without considering the end user; thus, we sometimes find high-ceilinged offices and low-ceilinged retail stores. Often, the shopper’s convenience is not taken into consideration while the property is constructed. Another area of concern is the way in which developers sell their space. The only consideration is the price, not the usage pattern or the nature of the product that is to be sold. In contrast, internationally, mall-management is treated as a specialized discipline of retail management. This is what we have to focus on in this millennium. The third constituency that has a role to play in the fortunes of organized retail this century is the education-sector. Retail is a people-intensive business, and there is a huge opportunity for retail institutes in India. For manufacturers, retailing will present an attractive opportunity. Organized retail allows them to expose their products to a large volume of customers in an environment conducive to buying. Already, several transnational retail giants have established their presence in India; others, notably Chinese retailers, have visited India and studied the Indian market. There’s a lot at stake here: even so early in the 21st Century, India is too large a market to be ignored by transnational retail giants. From the manufacturing company’s perspective, the focus should be on producing good products, and forging relationships with organized retail. Manufacturers need to draw a plan of producing quality products and tie in with retailers. Indeed, the birth of organized retail will also engender the creation of private labels and store-brands. Thus, if a manufacturing company lacks the resources to build a brand, it can supply to a retail-chain that has the resources to create a brand of its own. A glimpse of the last 2 decades of the previous century proves illuminating. Large-format retailing started with outlets like Vivek’s and Nalli’s in Chennai and Kidskemp in Bangalore, and, at another level, with manufacturer-retail brands like Bata, Bombay Dyeing, and Titan. The last decade of the millennium witnessed the emergence of lifestyle brands and the plastic culture. Liberalization and increasing awareness of the world around us created the Indian yuppie, who aspired to own everything we saw on TV, or in shops during jaunts abroad. New lifestyle brands offered traditional retail-outlets an opportunity to convert themselves into exclusive stores, franchised or otherwise. And even as these developments were taking place, the Indian consumer became more mature. Customer-expectations zoomed Thus, at the beginning of the New Millennium, retailers have to deal with a customer who is extremely demanding. Not just in terms of the product-quality, but also in terms of service, and the entire shopping experience. Today, the typical customer who shops in a retail outlet compares the time spent at the check-out counter with that at an efficient petrol station, and the smile of the counter-person to that decorating the face of a Jet Airways’ crew member. To cope with the new customer, manufacturers have to focus on product quality and brand building. And retailers, in turn, have to focus on the quality of the shopping experience. Internationally, retailing is a large business; you find at least one retailer amongst the top 10 companies in every country. In the US, it is Wal-Mart with a turnover in excess of $ 120 billion. In the UK, it is Marks and Spencer’s with close to ? 10 billion; and, in Germany, it is Karstadt with a turnover in excess of dm 10 billion. How to cite Retail Marketing Revolution, Essay examples

A Status on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program free essay sample

Atone School of Government Master in Public Management Public Governance and the Bureaucracy The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program: Addressing poverty from the Ground up Introduction Even before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines in the 1 sass, lands in the Philippines have always been controlled by a few of families. The Dates and Sultans ruled over massive areas of lands, as power social status was dictated by the size of the land one owned and the number of slaves who worked on them. The arrival of the Spaniards set the formalization of a feudalistic management of these lands. Large Haciendas were established and control of these lands were given to the Spanish colonizers and the Filipino families who pledged their allegiance to the Spanish. Until the sass, the small Filipino farmers barely had any rights to the ownership and control of these lands. During the time of President Corcoran Aquinas, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) was passed through Republic Act 6657 in 1988. We will write a custom essay sample on A Status on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its primary purpose was the proper implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), moving the agriculture program away from feudalism towards modern industrialization and at the same time rumoring social Justice. During the time of President Gloria Arroyo, Executive Order 456 was passed to further expand the Agrarian Reform implementation in order to strengthen the economic and social impact of this reform to its target beneficiaries. 1 The Problem The implementation of the CARP never went smoothly. The redistribution of the land and the securing of land rights were the primary problems faced by those implementing the program. The large haciendas argued that the economic impact of the program would gravely affect the existing businesses within he lands, making it less viable for growth and http://www. Economically. Mom/agrarian/law/comprehensive. HTML Page 12 improvement. There are also socio-political consequences that will arise with the distribution of the lands to the farmers. With the distribution of the land being the main issue of the CARP, several proposals were presented by both parties the land owners and land beneficiaries, towards reaching an amenable solution. Some of the more p opular terms are Stock-Distribution Options (Sods) and Corporative Join- problems of Negroes island, one of the major areas in the country where the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program has not been very successful. Negroes Island at a Glance The island of Negroes may be considered as one of the hotshots with regards to agrarian reform issues. The island is home to numerous haciendas, with land areas ranging from the low hundreds to thousands of hectares, all of which are owned by only a few families. Some of the more famous land owners from the island are Adding Conjunct who also has claims in the infamous Hacienda Lawsuit of Central Luzon, and the family of former Senator Rene Espies who owns the Polo plantation located primarily in Tanya. As early as the late sass, right after the signing of the CARL, some of the Negroes haciendas attempted to comply with the agrarian reform program. Land owners awarded multiple Certificate of Land Ownership Awards (COOL) and Emancipation Patents (PEP) to the land beneficiaries. It was also at this time that Stock-Distribution Options (SOD) were granted by other land owners. More than 20 years later, the agrarian reform situation in Negroes has barely changed it is even claimed by the land beneficiaries that some of them are worse now than they were before the implementation of the CARP. Farmers from the Polo plantations of Tanya have been fighting for their ownership rights over lands which were (are) still owned by the Sapiens. According to several news reports, numerous Colas of the land beneficiaries were cancelled by the CARP due to loopholes in the law. Areas of the Polo plantations, which were placed under an economic Page 13 zone status were said to be exempt from the CARP, thus disallowing the distribution of these lands to the beneficiaries. The sugar plantations of the Conjuncts, on the other hand, were barely touched and even expanded over the years. Just like the Hacienda Lawsuit farmers, the land beneficiaries of the Negroes sugar plantation were offered Sods instead of the land itself. It has been argued by many stakeholders that the Sods benefited the land owner more than the farmers themselves. There are also incidences of violence in the haciendas of Negroes. Hacienda Naval located in Himalayan, which is owned by the Javelin family, has had numerous confrontations between the land owner and the beneficiaries. It was reported that the private army of the Javelins has prevented the land beneficiaries from taking over the lands which were subjected to agrarian reform. The Goal and the Purpose of Agrarian Reform It has been established that the primary goal of the CARP is to ensure and promote the welfare of landless farmers and farm workers. Likewise, it can be deducted that the supplemental purpose of agrarian reform is the elevation of social Justice and equity, thus reducing social inequality and addressing the problem of structural poverty especially in the rural areas. In the case of Negroes Island, this has not yet been achieved and it would seem that they are no closer to it today than they were twenty years ago. Reform should produce is the proper distribution of land to the landless farmers by he land owners. It should be noted, however, that land distribution is not enough to alleviate the poverty issue. Page 14 Distribution of land should also include commensurate economic benefits to both land owners and land beneficiaries. Unlike physical goods which have a commensurate value when transferred, farm lands need investments and developments in order for it to become profitable. A piece of farmland, which has no support in terms of farming and tilling will never produce the same economic value as compared to one with existing facilities for farming. An example of this problem as faced by a hacienda in Adapting. With the implementation of CARP, the land owners were forced to distribute a large part of their land to their farmers. Since the region is stifled with conflicts, it was much safer for the land owners to release part of their lands than to fight over them. About forty percent of their land was distributed through the CARP and the land beneficiaries were grateful that there was barely any resistance from the family. Even with the loss of that land, the land owners barely felt the economic loss that resulted from the release of land as it was the untilled part f the farm lands which were distributed. Most of the crops (coconuts) were located in the central part of the hacienda, and these were not touched by the CARP. The land beneficiaries were awarded with land titles to areas of the hacienda which did not have adequate agricultural facilities such as roads and irrigation which are essential in farming. In the end, the beneficiaries were forced to re-sell the awarded lands to the original family and renegotiated to have them work again in the agenda, effectively returning the land back to its original owners. The land owners happily arched most of the land that was lost and it was easier for them to drop the prices due to the desperation of the land beneficiaries. Obviously, the land owners made a profit from the land that they once lost and now own again. There was no violation of the CARL since the prohibition in the transfer of lands has already passed when the beneficiaries sold back the lands that were awarded to them. And since the land which was returned was already subjected to CARP in the past, it is not covered anymore by the agrarian reform. The land owners benefited in the end, with the beneficiaries not receiving much from the land they sold. As mentioned earlier, it is important to look into the economic aspects of the land which will be subjected to agrarian reform. Since land owners already get compensated by the government with every piece of land emancipated from them, the land beneficiaries Page 15 should likewise be awarded the right piece of land which will provide them with the commensurate economic benefits. The distributing agency, in this case the Department of Agrarian Reform, should be wary of the needs of the land for it to goal and purpose of the CARP will be completed and both parties will happily benefit from it. Breaking down the Activities When addressing the proper implementation of the CARP, it is necessary to identify problem areas which need to be addressed. From the earlier discussions, the primary problem which was established is the equitable distribution of land, taking into consideration the economic and socio-political repercussions of these distributions. The primary activity needed for agrarian reform should be an in-depth inventory of the land that is qualified for distribution. Haciendas that are covered by the CARP should be carefully analyses, and land parcels be designated for distribution and emancipation. It is the Job of the DARK to do this inventory of hacienda lands. The DARK records right now would show which haciendas are subject to CARP, but the inventory with them barely has information on the economic viability of the land parcels. As mentioned several times, equitable distribution is essential for CARP to succeed. Aside from the land parcels which are to be distributed, the DARK also needs to identify who the real beneficiaries of these lands should be. Numerous incidents of false claims have been recorded by the DARK in the past twenty years which prompted many land owners to freeze the distribution f the lands. As reported in many reports, the freeze in the distribution of the land has resulted to violence and even death. The Polo plantation has reported cases of several groups of farmers who are claiming to be beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program, but dont have proper documentation to back their claims. This assembly of false claimants has deterred the distribution of several land parcels to the earlier identified land beneficiaries. Page 16 There is also the need for local governments to become more participatory, and if needed intervene for the proper implementation of CARP. The island of Negroes is a perfect example where local government as well as the local PEN need to have bigger participation in the reform. The earlier mentioned situation of Hacienda Naval, as well as that of Hacienda Kiwi in Hungarian, where land beneficiaries cannot take hold of the awarded land is due to the fact that the local government, the DARK and the PEN are not willing to spar with the land owners for socio-political implications. Just like the more famous Hacienda Lawsuit massacre, Negroes has also seen its share of bloodshed between the land owners and the beneficiaries. Hundreds of farmers and arm workers have lost their lives in their attempts to claim what was rightfully awarded to them by the CARP. Conclusions In one of the World Banks policy reports, it was stated that the precondition for land reform to be feasible and effective in improving beneficiaries livelihoods is that such programs fit into a broader policy aimed at reducing poverty and establishing a favorable environment for the development of productive smallholder agriculture by beneficiaries. (World Bank Report, 2003) In the case of directly improving the lives of the land beneficiaries, CARP has become a failure. It as resulted to more problems and anxiety among the stakeholders and violence became rampant. Contrary to what is being said in the news reports, even the land owners are receiving the short end of the stick. Certain land owners whose lands were subjected to emancipation became victims of undervaluation. Ghost beneficiaries are very rampant resulting to more lands being improperly distributed. There are also reports that the agency tasked to implement the CARP, the Department of Agrarian Reform, is involved in the improper distribution of lands by installing farmer-beneficiaries who are not workers of the plantations. GE 17 The land beneficiaries plight isnt any easier either. It cant be stressed enough that the obligation of the government does not stop with the distribution of the land alone. Alternative distribution schemes such as Stock Distribution Options and Corporative ventures are not viable solutions to the distribution issue. These alternatives defeat the original goal o f agrarian reform which is to promote the welfare of landless farmers and farm workers. Without a land that they can call their own, there can never be social Justice and equity. What good is a farmer when he has no land to farm? The government, in this case the DARK and the local governments in Negroes island, are at fault by allowing the land beneficiaries to face the farming problems on their own. In order for Agrarian reform to be successful, there has to be major investments in the economic capacity building of the land. Supporting institutions such as farmers cooperatives, infrastructure like farm to market roads and irrigation, and farmer-friendly loan facilities are needed for a farmer to start from the ground up. We should remember that the previous land owners have no other obligation to the beneficiaries once the land is distributed. Finally, there is the deed to look into the bureaucratic culture of those tasked to implement the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. The Department of Agrarian Reform, the Local Government Units, the Philippine National Police, and other agencies should be made more accountable of their actions in the implementation of the CARP. There have been proposals to have the CARP extended by a few more years, and even some as radical as extending it indefinitely until they achieve one hundred percent compliance. I dont believe that there is further need for any of those. The 1987 Constitution states that the State shall promote a Just and dynamic social order that ill ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all, and more importantly, the State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.